Purpose. The purpose of the research is to define certain interaction features between a human and the urban environment in the global world. Theoretical basis. The study in based on the investigations of contemporary researchers in social philosophy and urban science, as well as social scientists of Chicago School. Originality. The originality of the research is to analyze the "human-urban space" system in terms of the influence of local space of the global world on the human identity formation and preservation. (...) Conclusions. Modern information technologies have significantly contributed into changes in the culture, society, individual consciousness and perception. They have given them absolutely global character and reorganized the value and standard system of the individual. As a result, it caused the identity crisis, so typical of the postindustrial society. Thus, one of the possible ways to overcome the crisis is to harmonize the interaction in the "human-urban space" system as an area of individual space of human social and cultural identity. (shrink)

This paper examines the use of tablet personal computers and how they interfere with Nigerian undergraduates reading culture and love for educational books. The study adopts a descriptive research design. The University of Ilorin undergraduates constitute the population for this study while 200 level students of three faculties across the university constitute the target population. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample the needed respondents. A researchers’ designed questionnaire was use for data collection. The collected data was analysed using descriptive (...) statistics. The findings revealed that access to tablet computer influence the undergraduate reading culture. Also, 55.7% of 200 level undergraduates read more electronic materials on their tablet computer than printed texts. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that students should be encouraged to visit the library and read textbooks since there is certain fundamental knowledge that might not be accessible on the net. (shrink)

Purpose. The paper considers the establishment of the paradigmatic determinants of the understanding of crime on the basis of fundamental changes in understanding of the essence of a man in ancient, medieval, Renaissance, modern and postmodern philosophy. Theoretical basis. The author determines that the understanding of the concept of crime is possible only in the combination of historical, philosophical, legal and sociological approaches. The interpretation of the essence of this concept dynamics and relevant legal practices is based on structuralist, post-structuralist (...) and hermeneutical methodological principles. Originality. The author has proved that the concept of "crime" is not a constant but a historically variable category whose dynamics of meanings is linked to a change in philosophical anthropological paradigms. Its understanding is primarily related to the interpretation of the essence of a man and the imperatives of his behavior. This allows a new understanding of the philosophical foundations of modern criminology. Conclusions. The article establishes that in the history of Western philosophy, there are five anthropological paradigms that differ in a thorough rethinking of the essence of a man. The first cosmocentric regards man as a microcosm, his soul and actions must be in harmony with the harmony of the Cosmos. The second Theocentric considers a man the image and likeness of God, though he is at the same time burdened with original sin. In the era of early Modernism, the third paradigm, which we called cognitive-centric, becomes dominant, since the essence of a man is reduced primarily to his mind. It gradually changes to the fourth – sociocentric, which focuses on the social essence of a man. However, despite its continued existence in our time, at the end of the XX century, there is a transition to the fifth paradigm – postmodernist, which deconstructs the essence of a man, reducing it to the role of an element of power systems. These paradigms, with a certain synchronicity, create the corresponding concepts of "crime": from violation of polis-space laws to identification with sin, from non-observance of mental and moral standards to social deviance. Contemporary understandings of crime are, for the most part, relativistic and constructivist, which is consistent with the postmodern anthropological paradigm. However, the diversity of interpretations of the concept of "crime" that exists in the current scientific literature needs further comprehension. (shrink)

A number of scholars in the history of medieval Iceland have emphasized the exceptional importance of law and justice for Icelandic society. According to American researcher J. Bajok, the focus of Iceland's culture was law, and the relationship between Godi and his heirs was also based on law. The nature of Iceland's socio-political institutions reveals the circumstances in which Icelanders' attitudes towards the law were shaped. The royal power in the country during the Commonwealth period did not arise, and the (...) system of chiefs or Godords became specifically the Icelandic institute of government. It is traditionally believed that the country was divided into 4 quarters, consisting of 36 Godords, headed by leaders. The year 930 is considered the date of Altinga's founding. National Assembly of Iceland. Each year, a three-year lawmaker in Altinga had to promulgate a third of the country's laws. The lawmaker selected those who were to sit on the Rock of Law and designate the place where the Courts of the Quarters, which had pending lawsuits, were to be held. The most important institution of Altinga was the Legislative Council, which dealt with legal issues. The council members were 48 leaders or heads. The representatives of the highest level of the religious hierarchy - the bishops of dioceses on the Chamber Hill and the Hills - were also members of the Legislative Council. The bishops participated in three important events for the country: the drafting and adoption of the Law of Tithes in 1096/97, the codification of secular laws in 1117 - 1118, and the record of about 1123 of the Christian Law, which was included in the Gray Law Code. Goose ", probably recorded in the XIII century. (shrink)

The position of bishop in medieval Europe was important not only religiously but also politically and culturally. Top clergy often performed secular authority in their city and diocese. European canonical practice of the early Middle Ages developed a system where election and consecration into the bishopric became an integral and decisive element of ministry. Spiritual service was thus considered elective and sacred. In the 60s of the XII century. the already mature concept of confirmatio indicated that the powers of each (...) bishop-elect begin in his consecration. (shrink)

The effect of task difficulty on inter-task transfer is a classic issue in motor learning. We examined the relation between self-efficacy and transfer of learning after practicing different versions of a stick balancing task. Practicing the same task or an easier version led to significant pre- to post-test transfer of learning, whereas practicing a more difficult version did not. Self-efficacy increased modestly from pre- to post-test with easy practice, but decreased significantly with difficult practice. In addition, self-efficacy immediately prior to (...) the post-test was significantly lower after difficult practice than easy or intermediate practice. Self-efficacy immediately prior to the post-test, performance at the end of practice, and pre-test performance explained 75% of the variance in post-test performance. The mediating role of self-efficacy on transfer of learning offers an alternative explanation for recent findings on the superiority of easy-to-difficult transfer and may help clarify inconsistencies in earlier research. (shrink)

언제까지 답 없는 삶을 살 것인가! 인류의 위대한 스승에게 묻고, 대한민국 대표 지성이 답하다! ◎ 출판사 서평 위대한 스승, 퇴계에게 묻고 싶은 삶에 대한 질문과 답 29 누구나 인생을 살다 보면 삶에 대한 본질적인 질문들을 품게 된다. 이러한 고민들을 인류의 위대한 스승 퇴계에게 묻는다면, 그는 우리에게 어떤 대답을 해줄 수 있을까? 『인생교과서 퇴계』(21세기북스 펴냄)는 퇴계에게 묻고 싶은 29개의 질문을 통해 그의 삶과 철학을 살펴보고, 현대를 살아가는 우리에게 필요한 퇴계의 정신이 무엇인지 알아보고자 한다. ‘퇴계’ 하면 고지식한 유학자, 건조하기 짝이 없는 이기심성론의 (...) 철학자라는 이미지가 있다. 그래서 지금 시대와는 불협화한 인물이라는 선입견을 갖기 쉬우나 그가 강조하는 외경의 정신은 오늘에도 칼날처럼 삶의 본질을 꿰뚫는 성성함을 지니고 있다. 그야말로 ‘어짊’을 삶으로 실천한 그의 면면을 돌이키는 일은 산만 방종하여 공허하고 들뜬 우리들 삶을 치유하는 매우 효과적인 처방책이 될 수 있는 것이다. 사람됨의 크기와 삶의 깊이는 수양 정도에 따라 달라질 것이니, 일상생활에서 마음을 샘물처럼 ‘맑고 깨끗하게’ 유지할 것을 당부한 퇴계가 우리들에게 간곡히 들려주고 싶은 바가 이 책 속에 들어 있다. 퇴계와의 만남이 ‘뜻밖의 나’를 향하는 길이 될 수 있을 것이다. 퇴계가 생각한 인간의 ‘도’란 무엇인가! 사랑과 공경의 정신으로 ‘사람 된 도리’를 밝혀야만 한다! 사람으로 태어났다 해서 모두 사람이 아니다. 퇴계에 따르면 ‘하늘의 소명’을 받들어 실천하려는 노력 속에서만 사람이 될 수 있다. 그러므로 자신의 내면 깊은 곳에서 울려나오는 참자아의 목소리에 귀를 기울여야 한다. 사람됨의 차이가 여기에서 결정난다. 이것은 물론 좌선하듯 가만히 앉아서 되는 일은 아닌바 밥을 먹고 출근길에 나서는 등 일상생활의 모든 자리가 다 수양의 도량이다. 사람됨은 바로 거기에서 드러나기 때문이다. 그리하여 자기 안에 갇혀 입신출세와 부귀영화의 욕망만을 추구하려는 이기심을 ‘닦아내고’, 남들을 나의 품안에 아우르며 그들을 보살피려는 마음을 ‘길러야’ 한다. 이것이 평생에 걸쳐 수행해야 할 사람됨의 과제다. 이러한 사람됨의 과제를 모두가 소중히 여기게 될 때 현대사회의 많은 병폐들이 해소될 수 있을 것이다. 그러니 우리는 퇴계의 정신을 역사의 화석이 아닌 오늘의 문제를 치유하는 자기성찰과 자아향상의 자료로 삼을 필요가 있다. 나는 과연 무엇을 위해 살고 있는가, 근본적으로 인간이란 어떠한 존재인가? 하는 등의 물음을 자신에게 수시로 던져보아야 한다. 거기에는 고통과 방황이 뒤따르겠지만, 그것은 아름다운 인생의 좋은 자양분이 될 것이다. 같은 질문, 다른 해석! 대한민국 대표 학자들이 빚어내는 통찰의 향연 이 책은 삶과 죽음, 나와 우리, 생각과 행동, 철학과 사상이라는 4개의 키워드와 29개의 질문으로 구성되어 있다. 1부는 ‘산다는 것은 무엇인가’, ‘행복이란 무엇인가’ 등의 질문을 통해 퇴계가 바라본 인간 삶의 의미와 죽음에 관한 그의 철학 등을 살펴보고, 2부는 ‘나는 누구인가’ ‘이웃이란 누구인가’의 질문을 중심으로 존재의 근원과 공동체정신에 대해 살펴본다. 3부는 ‘바른 직업윤리는 무엇인가’, ‘의로움이란 무엇인가’ 등 구체적인 삶 속에서의 인간 행위에 관한 퇴계의 생각을 들여다보고, 4부에서는 ‘왜 자기성찰이 필요한가’, ‘윤리란 무엇인가’ 등의 질문을 통해 퇴계가 생각한 삶의 질서에 대해 살펴본다. 이 책의 독특한 점은 같은 질문에 대한 두 저자의 다른 해석을 비교하며 살펴볼 수 있다는 것이다. 퇴계에게 묻고 싶은 29개의 질문 중 한 질문에 두 저자가 답한 경우도 있고, 한 저자가 답한 경우도 있다. 퇴계를 오랜 시간 연구해온 두 저자는 각자의 관점을 반영하여 삶에 대한 통찰과 지혜를 풀어내고 있다. 우주적인 심흉 속에서 사랑과 공경의 정신으로 삶을 산 위대한 인격, 퇴계와의 만남은 분명 독자 여러분들 삶에 적지 않은 울림을 줄 것이다. 『인생교과서』 시리즈 위대한 현자 19人의 삶과 철학을 대한민국 각 계의 대표 학자들이 풀어낸 총 19권의 시리즈이다. 인생을 살면서 누구나 한번쯤은 고민하게 되는 본질적인 질문에 대해 현자들은 어떻게 생각했는지 비교하며 살펴볼 수 있다. 역사상 가장 위대한 멘토 19명의 치열한 사유와 통찰은 삶과 죽음에 대한 질문을 자아내고, 시대를 넘어 현답의 길로 안내할 것이다. 『인생교과서』 시리즈는 호메로스 | 플라톤 | 아리스토텔레스 | 아우구스티누스 | 장자 | 이황 | 간디 | 데카르트 | 니체 | 칸트 | 헤겔 | 미켈란젤로 | 베토벤 | 톨스토이 | 아인슈타인 편으로 총 19권이 발간될 예정이다. 01 예수 | 차정식, 김기석 지음 | 15,000원 | 2015년 7월 10일 02 부처 | 조성택, 미산 스님, 김홍근 지음 | 15,000원 | 2015년 7월 15일 03 공자 | 신정근, 이기동 지음 | 15,000원 | 2015년 7월 15일 04 무함마드 | 최영길 지음 | 13,000원 | 2015년 7월 10일 05 퇴계 | 김기현, 이치억 지음 | 15,000원 | 2015년 12월 28일 14 칸트 | 김진, 한자경 지음 | 15,000원 | 2015년 11월 3010일 ◎ 본문 중에서 우리는 퇴계를 도덕적으로 완벽한 위인으로 상정하는 경향이 있다. 그러나 그의 위대함은 도덕성보다는 오히려 절대자유의 경지에서 자연과 하나 되어 분수를 지킨, 그의 일관된 삶에 있는 것 같다. 그것이 우리로 하여금 삶의 진정한 의미를 더 곰곰이 생각하게 하는 것이 아닐까. - 33쪽 아무리 험한 상황을 만나더라도 자기성찰 속에서 겸손하게 세상사를 배우면서 자신의 존재를 “옥과도 같이 아름답게 성취”하려는 뜻을 버려서는 안 된다. “하늘을 원망하지도 않고 사람들을 탓하지도 않으며, 아래로 세상사를 배워 위로 하늘의 이치를 깨친다”는 공자의 삶의 자세를 배워야 한다. 사람이 꽃보다 아름답다면 그러한 노력 때문일 것이다. - 60쪽 퇴계뿐만 아니라 모든 유학자들 사상에 따르면, 불행에서 벗어날 수 있는 근본적인 능력은 모든 사람의 내면에 갖추어져 있다. 사람은 누구나 우주적 대아의 씨앗을 타고난 존재이기 때문이다. 우리 마음속에 간직된 본성, 어떻게 보면 그것의 다른 이름은 ‘희망’이 아닐까? 그렇다. 불행의 반대말은 ‘행복’이라는 완료형이기보다 ‘희망’이라는 진행형이 가까울 것 같다. - 67쪽 갖가지 욕망으로 ‘흐려진’ 마음이 수많은 번민과 괴로움, 고통을 지어내는 것과 달리 맑은 마음은 깊은 샘의 깨끗하고 시원한 물처럼 삶의 희열을 누리게 해줄 것이다. 우리는 여기에서 퇴계의 좌우명을 큰 교훈으로 삼아봄직도 하다. “생각을 조금도 불순하게 갖지 말고, 마음을 경건하지 않음이 없게 하라.” - 119쪽 즉 나의 근원이 리理임을 알고, 학문을 통해 그것을 이 세상에서 실현하는 일이 바로 나를 알고 삶을 아는 것이 아니었을까? 그렇다면 이로 인해 퇴계는 죽음조차도 극복할 수 있었을 것이다. 대아大我인 나는 시작도 끝도 없이 흘러가는 시간의 어떤 한 시점에 태어나서 살다가 죽어서 사라지는 사람이 아닌, 영원을 사는 사람이기 때문이다. - 146~147쪽 타인의 의견에 뇌동하지 않고 스스로의 생각을 충분히 펼쳤을 때 그것이 모여 옳은 의견이 된다. 그 독립된 생각들이 모였을 때 그것이 세상을 움직이는 가장 정당하고 강한 힘이 된다. 그렇기 때문에 더더욱 자기의 목소리를 내는 것이 중요한 것이다. 옳은 목소리를 낼 수 있도록 나의 수신修身이 바탕이 되어야 함은 물론이다 - 201쪽 모두가 잘사는 세상은 누가 만들어주는 것이 아니라 내가 만드는 것이다. 그렇게 깨어 있는 사람들이 밝힌 빛으로 인해 이 세상은 밝아져왔다. 그러니 앞으로의 세상을 밝히는 것은 또 우리들에게 넘겨진 숙제다. 이는 퇴계가 가장 간절히 바라던 일이기도 하다. - 209쪽 그는 단순히 ‘착한 사람’에 그치지 않고 ‘하늘’이 인간에게 부여한 사람됨의 뜻을, 인간의 고결한 정신을 자신의 삶과 사회에서 밝히려 했다. 오늘날 사람들이 자신의 생명을 보전하고 이익을 쟁취하기 위해 ‘야수’와도 같이 살아가는 ‘정글’사회에서 그의 삶이 위대하게 여겨지는 까닭이 여기에 있다. - 254쪽. (shrink)

Thomas S. Kuhn’s theory of normal science (NS), aside from being a provocative philosophical reconstruction of the relatively conservative phase of scientific research, contains useful ideas for systematic analysis of specific episodes in the history of science. Therefore, although the theory has been looked at from different angles since the first edition of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (TSSR) was published in 1962, its detailed exploration of the cumulative phase of research in mature science is of abiding relevance in the (...) philosophy of science. This is because NS provides a compelling account of how and why members of scientific communities succeed, largely, to produce reliable knowledge about an incompletely known phenomenal world. Again, the theory elucidates special features of scientific research that differentiate it from other creative enterprises. In that regard, this paper reconstructs Arthur Compton’s research into x-ray scattering as a good instantiation of NS. Discussion of Compton’s convincing demonstration of the particulate properties of electromagnetic radiation within the framework of NS showcases the elucidatory power of Kuhn’s theory with respect to selected episodes in science, and corroborates the notion that the bulk of scientific work is a conservative puzzle-solving activity with the potential for precipitating scientific revolutions. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first time that Compton’s groundbreaking work on x-ray scattering has been analysed within the framework of Kuhn’s philosophy of science. (shrink)

This paper examines the impact of the introduction of Western (European) technical civilization on regional cultures in Nigeria, using Igboland in South-EasternNigeria as a test case. It begins with a discussion of some general features of Western technical civilization whose evolution has been profoundly influenced by technological advances in Europe and her cultural colonies in North America and elsewhere. Consequences of the contact between Western technical civilization and traditional Igbo culture are also examined. The paper concludes by discussing the challenging (...) problem of Africa’s contribution to technical civilization. (shrink)

A unique description of the phenomena that arise from the interaction between quantum systems and their environment. Because of the novel character of the approach discussed, the book addresses scientists from all fields of physics and related disciplines as well as students of physics.

Purpose. Based on the comparative analysis of the European and post-Soviet countries, the purpose of the article is to study one of the manifestations of gender discrimination, namely the problem of gender equality in the sphere of labor. It involves the consistent solution to the following tasks: a) to emphasize the basic principles of gender international and legal policy; b) to reflect the praxeological dimension of providing the equal social and economic opportunities for men and women at current level; c) (...) to emphasize the key criterion for ensuring the equality in socio-cultural sphere – equality in political life; d) to study the educational level of women and the possibility of self-realization in employment equal to men. Theoretical basis. The authors proceed from the standpoint that gender equality at the present stage has become a priority of legal policy and an important principle of the state of pro-European orientation. It is characterized in the legal plane, first of all, by the equality of the social roles of men and women, and the overcoming of the gender hierarchy of social ties, in which men are perceived as higher beings by their mental and physical abilities, and their activities are more significant and of priority in comparison with the activities of women. Originality. The authors have substantiated that in many economically developed countries the problem of providing a gender is still relevant, but most of the crisis problems in this area have found their legal regulation. The motivated position of the authors is that the level of education and professionalism of women cannot serve a reason for discrimination against women, which now exists in the economic and political sphere in the post-Soviet space. Conclusions. Gender stereotypes remain the priority in woman’s keeping family household, which creates significant inequalities of women and men at the labor market. Specialized regulatory acts in the field of gender declare the equality of men and women, while labor law defines a number of norms and guarantees that complicate the employment of women. In order to improve the situation we propose to implement a number of measures, such as, creation and financial support of the programs at the state level for supporting maternity, family and childhood; examination of all normative acts and concerning the issue of gender asymmetry, and especially the norms of labor law; introduction of state monitoring of employment and income of persons as to the complying with the principle of gender equality; introduction of quotas for women’s participation in political activities, in the work of the government and parliament, etc. (shrink)

The paper addresses the use of heterogeneous ensembles of intelligent unmanned vehicles in such a perspective field of innovations as an unmanned fishery. The issues of joint activity of unmanned vehicles of different types in fishing operations based on intelligent technologies are investigated. The “smart fishing” approach based on the joint fishing operation model is proposed. The operational framework that includes missions, roles, and activity scenarios embedded in the discretized spatial model is presented. The scenario activities are considered as the (...) sequences of pentad that determine executing specific functions concerning the specified waypoint, timepoints, and the states of vehicles. The definition of the plan as the scenario prototype that needs adjusting to the conditions of the situational context is proposed. The coordination problem regarding the joint activities of the unmanned vehicles and their scenarios is defined and the coordination framework based on the distributed common board model and coordination primitives is presented. The prototype of the intelligent scenario-based system including the implementation of both operational and coordination frameworks developed for the control of unmanned vehicles is described. This system makes unmanned vehicles capable to absorb all the latest advances in intelligent technologies to perform smart fishing operations jointly in a large heterogeneous group. The proposed approach to smart fishing using intelligent technologies makes it possible to detach fishermen from the fishing activities dangerous to their life and health, to reduce significantly poaching and illegal fishing, to increase the overall efficiency of fishing operations, and even to save the marine ecosystem. (shrink)

"Clare O'Farrell is to be congratulated on producing a truly magnificent book on the work of Michel Foucault. There are details, insights and observations that will engage the specialist and there is an extensive documentation of Foucault's output. If there is a more comprehensive book on Foucault's work I have yet to see it. I anticipate those teaching and taking courses on Foucault's work will find Clare O'Farrell's book to be an invaluable resource'" - Barry Smart, University of Portsmouth "Dr. (...) Clare O'Farrell has written a marvelous introduction to this Foucault for that ever growing number of readers who are working in what has come to be designated as cultural studies. This volume captures the penetrating interdisciplinary concerns that have made Foucault a guide to so many beyond the frontiers of philosophy and history, beyond the borders of the academic community itself. O'Farrell is an excellent guide to Foucault's exploration of culture, highlighting, as she does, the characteristic insights of his learning: the instability of cultural forms of order, the subversive potential of historical analyses, the variety of true discourses within history, and his commitment to social justice. O'Farrell reveals Foucault as he is: the engaged moralist who survived the twentieth century's systems of total explanation. This is an excellent introduction for the general reader to a passionate mind that continues to spread its influence'" - James Bernauer, Boston College Michel Foucault's work is one of the most influential sources of ideas in the humanities and social sciences today. Clare O'Farrell offers a comprehensive and accessible introduction to Foucault's enormous, diverse and challenging output. Her book provides a range of practical tools and a reference work for readers who wish to understand and apply his ideas at both introductory and advanced levels. This volume includes: - a discussion of Foucault's situation in the contemporary context exploring his role as an iconic thinker, with clear explanations as to why his work is so difficult to come to grips with, and also importantly, why it is of interest to so many people. - the location of Foucault's work within its own historical, social and political setting. - brief summaries in chronological order of all of Foucault's major works, including the more recently published volumes of lectures. - the organization of Foucault's work around five distinct but interrelated series of assumptions which underpin his world view: namely order, history, truth, power and ethics. Ideas for which he is well-known, such as archaeology, genealogy, discourse, discipline, governmentality, the subject and others are defined and discussed within the framework of these five assumptions. - a chronology of Foucault's life, work and times. - a very extensive list of key concepts in Foucault's work with detailed references pointing to where the relevant material can be found in his writings. - a wide-ranging list of resources and a bibliography of Foucault's work for easy consultation. (shrink)

This paper rejoins the debate surrounding Thomas Tymockzko’s paper on the surveyability of proof, first published in the Journal of Philosophy, and makes the claim that by attending to certain broad features of modern conceptions of proof we may understand ways in which the debate surrounding the surveyability of proof has heretofore remained unduly circumscribed. Motivated by these historical reflections, I suggest a distinction between local and global surveyability which I believe has the promise to open up significant new advances (...) in the philosophy of mathematics. (shrink)

Rozważania o moralności i etyczności uczonych oraz wiedzy będącej efektem ich prac, sugerują, że twórcy i ich dzieła powinni być obdarzeni jakimiś wyjątkowymi predyspozycjami moralnymi, poznawczymi oraz intelektualnymi, a zatem muszą funkcjonować jakieś pożądane i akceptowane wzorce „cnót”, którymi powinien szczycić się uczony, a także sama nauka. Pojawia się pytanie, jakie miałyby one być? Powyższa kwestia jest interesująca w kontekście dyskursu kształtującego oblicze nauki nowożytnej, dyskursu, w którym formułowano oczekiwania, co do etyczności, moralności nauki i uczonych. Można byłoby powiedzieć, że (...) te oczekiwania mają znaczenie także i dzisiaj, mimo że zmieniła się nauka, społeczeństwa i ustroje oraz wymagania ludzi wobec nauki. Uprawianie nauki wymagało (i nadal wymaga) swobody twórczej. Jednakże instytucjonalizacja środowiska akademickiego zakładała podległość wobec władz, podległość, która generowała (i generuje) napięcie między potrzebą niezależności naukowej, a wymaganiami „sponsorów”. Także relacje między nauką, a polityką były przedmiotem rozważań wielu uczonych i filozofów, szczególnie gdy uwzględnimy aspekt moralności nauki i moralnej odpowiedzialności uczonych. Rozważania na ten temat są efektem lektury książki Richarda Holmesa Wiek cudów. Jak odkrywano piękno i grozę nauki, w której autor – opisując życiorysy uczonych, ale przede wszystkim ich dokonania oraz przeciwności, na jakie natrafiali – nieustannie podkreśla moralne i etyczne aspekty związane z osobowością uczonych i ich działalnością. (shrink)

There is something it is like for me to hear a seagull crying, something it is like to see a boat in the distance, and something it is like to suffer a slight headache. Each of these local conscious experiences have their own phenomenal character. The experiences are phenomenally unified just in case there is also something it is like to enjoy these and all the other local experiences I have at the relevant time together. For there is also something (...) it is like to be me overall: my global conscious experience has a phenomenal character. But what is it like to be me overall? What is the relationship between the phenomenal characters of local experiences and the phenomenal character of the global experience to which they contribute? This paper argues that our concepts of local and global conscious experiences allow for three completely different conceptions of how the former combine into the latter. It also argues that this shows that our concepts of local conscious experiences, global conscious experiences, and of their relationship are much more permissive than we might have thought. (shrink)

Purpose of the paper is to establish the emergence and evolution of a gender problematics from the foundations of classical philosophy, namely, from the phenomenon of will-to-truth as the spontaneous desire of man to understand the life. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks are solved: 1) to investigate the way in which philosophy constitutes itself; 2) to establish how the category of "sex" manifests, both in the natural and in the social contexts; 3) to determine the correlation of gender (...) studies and philosophy. Theoretical basis. If for the methodology of gender studies it is inherent to proceed from the contextuality and value foundations of knowledge, then in this paper gender is considered directly from the being-in-world, human presence. Originality. The distinction between will-to-truth and will-to-knowledge, conducted for the first time by Michel Foucault, is used as a method by which the ontological demand of sex is revealed. Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was found that scientific developments in the field of gender issues in their subject matter are not mainly descended from subject sphere of classical philosophy. Sex is not substantiated metaphysically, and it is ontical, not ontological attribute of the human kind; its presentation as the determining factor of the cultural history in context of femininity/masculinity dichotomy is biased. This quality is similar to Nietzsche’s will to power, i.e., determination of definite knowledge that is later used in legal, socio-political discourse, corrects language practice, determines scientific researches making them dependant on axiological component of culture. As the social justice problem is solved, gender as the subject of social study loses its actuality. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:NEWMAN'S PSYCHOLOGICAL DISCOVERY: THE ILLATIVE SENSE (Continued) VI THE FACULTIES OF COGNITION AND APPETITION Since the Grammar of Assent gives us a phenorhenological analysis of the art of thinking and often refers to the influence of other faculties in our reasoning processes, it will be very instructive to examine what the author holds about our faculties of cognition and appetition. This will make us better acquainted with the nature (...) of the illative sense. I. THE SENSES 1. The External Senses and their Objects. We had already arrived at the conclusion that Newman rejects the mere subjectivity of our knowledge. When he writes about this matter he explicitly deals with sensation or sensuous cognition. Although he takes exception to the word "immediate perception," 1 we may nevertheless call him an adherent of direct or immediate realism according to Scholastic terminology, because he emphatically excludes the intervention of a reasoning process from sense perception and uses the term "mediate perception" only to express the instrumentality of experience. In this meaning our perception of external objects is mediate or indirect indeed.2 The fact is that as early as 1839 he wrote in his University Sermons: "Of the material we have direct knowledge through the senses"3 and in 1843: "The senses are direct, immediate, and ordinary informants, and act spontaneously without any will or effort on our part."4 On the importance of sense perception for our mental activities he writes in a series of hitherto unpublished notes, entitled Elements of Thought:6 "I grant or I assume that the soul would not think without some external stimulus; that if it were cut off from all communication from the external world, it would pass this life in a sort of torpor... But then, as soon as it is roused, it reflects upon itself, and thereby gains a number of ideas..." 1. See supra V, 14.2. Supra V, 14.3. P. 205. 4.P. 303 ; cf. Gramm., p. 260. 5.See the unpublished Philosophical Papers, note Fcbr. 24, 1859. 40 DR. ZENO, OJM. CAP.41 Apart from the passages already referred to, Newman nowhere enlarges on the doctrine about the senses. He does not speak about the distinctions between sensible objects; he does not explain the difference between sensation and perception, and uses those terms promiscuously.6 There are no statements on the subject which contradict current Scholastic notions, although sometimes his vague terminology may be an occasion for misunderstandings. For instance, some passages in connection with "images" and "impressions," when read apart from the context, would appear to imply that he identifies them with the Scholastic species a sensibili accepta. However, we shall show further on that. Newman means something quite different. He deals with these species and the so-called sensibilia per acci· dens by the way when describing our knowledge of God7 and teaching that we have evidence of the presence of individuals or substances in the phenomena which occur to our senses. We picture those things to ourselves in those phenomena. They are like pictures, he says, but at the same time "they give us no exact measure or character of the unknown things beyond them." "Therefore when we speak of our having a picture of the things which are perceived through the senses, we mean a certain representation, true as far as it goes, but not adequate." 2. The Internal Senses and their Objects. Newman nowhere gives a distinction between external and internal senses, but nevertheless he speaks about those faculties of the mind which by the Scholastics are called the internal senses. These philosophers distinguish a common sense or rather a central sense (sensus communis), which unites the impressions of the external senses into one whole, makes us conscious of the conditions of our body and notifies to us the sensations of our external as well as internal senses; — the imagination or the faculty which preserves and reproduces things perceived; — the sensuous memory, i. e., the power to retain and to reproduce sense images; — and the vis aestimativa or the instinctive faculty, which discovers without any intellectual means, what is good and what is bad for our welfare. 6.It would seem that he generally... (shrink)

In Chinese scholarship, Xunzi is often regarded as an eclectic Confucian master who accepted some form of utilitarian thoughts (e.g. Fung Yu-lan, Mou Zongsan and Xu Fuguan). This characteristic was also observed by some western scholars such as Benjamin I. Schwartz. In a recent study, I argued that the basic character of Xunzi’s philosophy is utilitarianism in a broad sense based on an examination on his intellectual criticism and political criticism. Xunzi asserts that humans are innately driven by self-interested desires, (...) and he evaluates all intellectual works and political behaviours by their utility. However, he does not limit utility to only basic animal desires such as food and sex. In Xunzi’s view, humans also have innate emotions; hence, these emotions should also be accounted for in their utility. This is similar to John Stuart Mill’s redefinition of Bentham’s concept of utility. Are Xunzi’s and Mill’s concepts of utility exactly the same? This question has yet to be examined. This article is a comparative study between utilitarianism and Xunzi’s philosophy which especially explores the compatibility of these two philosophies. (shrink)

Onora O'Neill; I *—The Presidential Address: Constructivisms in Ethics, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 89, Issue 1, 1 June 1989, Pages 1–18, ht.

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy problemu egzystencjalnej komunikacji w sztuce i literaturze. Problemu, który został przedstawiony i zanalizowany w oparciu o klasyczne teksty S. Kierkegaarda, G.W.F. Hegla, F.W.J. Schellinga, z odniesieniem do polskich klasyków estetyki, choćby R. Ingardena, W. Tatarkiewicza czy St. Ossowskiego. W artykule nie zabrakło także stałych odniesień do takich postaci, jak Don Juan Mozarta, Faust Goethego oraz sędzia Wilhelm Kierkegaarda. Taki dobór autorów, jak i literackich postaci, pozwolił na zderzenie dwóch punktów widzenia na kwestię komunikacji – subiektywnej i obiektywnej. (...) Dzięki temu stało się możliwe udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie o możliwość komunikacji w chwili, gdy przedmiot komunikacji nie jest w pełni osiągalny. Odpowiedzi, którą było zrozumienie natury i funkcji, jaką ma do spełnienia sztuka i literatura. A co dało się ostatecznie streścić w formułach, iż sztuka naśladuje życie, lecz nim nie jest, a także, że przeżycie estetyczne, podobnie jak każde inne egzystencjalne przeżycie, da się jedynie w niewielkiej mierze wyrazić słowami. Prawda artysty wymyka się bowiem konceptualizmowi filozoficznemu, a możliwość egzystencjalnej komunikacji skłania go, by wyrażał siebie w obliczu najtrudniejszych pytań, jakie stawia mu los. Pytań o jego własne przeznaczenie i sens twórczości. Tak oto twórca, dla którego jego własne życie jest dziełem sztuki bądź artysta dokonujący wyboru języka znaków, zawsze wyrażają jakieś przesłanie. Zarówno to wzniosłe, jak i najbardziej prozaiczne, które karmi się zafascynowaniem powszednią egzystencją. Biorąc pod uwagę powyższy kontekst, treść artykułu sugeruje, że egzystencjalizacja poznania, która skupia uwagę na subiektywnej, podmiotowej percepcji świata, jest najwłaściwszym sposobem zbliżenia się do samego twórcy, jak i jego artystycznej aktywności. Rzecz jasna, odpowiada to długiej tradycji myślenia egzystencjalnego i możliwości wykorzystania metody egzystencjalnej komunikacji. (shrink)

Introduction Hundreds of thousands of premature neonates born in low-income countries are implicitly denied treatment each year. Studies from India show that treatment is rationed even for neonates born at 32 gestational age weeks (GAW), and multiple external factors influence treatment decisions. Is withholding of life-saving treatment for children born between 28 and 32 GAW acceptable from an ethical perspective? Method A seven-step impartial ethical analysis, including outcome analysis of four accepted priority criteria: severity of disease, treatment effect, cost effectiveness (...) and evidence for neonates born at 28 and 32 GAW. Results The ethical analysis sketches out two possibilities: (a) It is not ethically permissible to limit treatment to neonates below 32 GAW when assigning high weight to health maximisation and overall health equality. Neonates below 32 GAW score high on severity of disease and efficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatment if one gives full weight to early years of a newborn life. It is in the child's best interest to be treated. (b) It can be considered ethically permissible if high weight is assigned to reducing inequality of welfare and maximising overall welfare and/or not granting full weight to early years of newborns is considered acceptable. From an equity-motivated health and welfare perspective, we would not accept (b), as it relies on accepting the lack of proper welfare policies for the poor and disabled in India. Conclusion Explicit priority processes in India for financing neonatal care are needed. If premature neonates are perceived as worth less than other patient groups, the reasons should be explored among a broad range of stakeholders. (shrink)